Shallow Dives

If you replace every plank of a ship over time, is it still the same ship? This ancient puzzle reveals fundamental questions about identity, change, and what makes something 'the same' across time.

Medical ethicists Tom Beauchamp and James Childress developed four principles that guide difficult decisions: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. This framework has become the dominant approach in healthcare ethics and applies far beyond medicine.